Contents

{xv}

CONTENTS

AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE FIRST GERMAN EDITION
. . . ix

FIRST OR PREPARATORY PART - SEXUAL COMPLEXITY

INTRODUCTION . . . 1

On the development of general conceptions - Male and female - Contradictions - Transitional forms - Anatomy and natural endowment - Uncertainty of anatomy

CHAPTER I
MALES AND FEMALES . . . 5

Embryonic neutral condition - Rudiments in the adult - Degrees of “gonochorism” - Principle of intermediate forms - Male and female - Need for typical conceptions - Resumé - Early anticipations

CHAPTER II
MALE AND FEMALE PLASMAS . . . 11

Position of sexuality - Steenstrup's view adopted - Sexual characters - Internal secretions - Idioplasm - Arrhenoplasm - Thelyplasm - Variations - Proofs from the effects of castration - Transplantation and transfusion - Organotherapy - Individual differences between cells - Origin of intermediate sexual conditions - Brain - Excess of male births - Determination of sex - Comparative pathology {xvi}

CHAPTER III
THE LAWS OF SEXUAL ATTRACTION . . . 26

Sexual preference - Probability of these being controlled by a law - First formula - First interpretation - Proofs - Heterostylism - Interpretation of heterostylism - Animal kingdom - Further laws - Second formula - Chemotaxis - Resemblances and differences - Goethe, Elective Affinities - Marriage and free love - Effects on progeny

CHAPTER IV
HOMO-SEXUALITY AND PEDERASTY . . . 45

Homo-sexuals as intermediate forms - Inborn or acquired, healthy or diseased? - A special instance of the law of attraction - All men have the rudiments of homo-sexuality - Friendship and sexuality - Animals - Failure of medical treatment - Homo-sexuality, punishment and ethics - Distinction between homo-sexuality and pederasty

CHAPTER V
THE SCIENCE OF CHARACTER AND THE SCIENCE OF FORM . . . 53

Principle of sexually intermediate forms as fundamental principle of the psychology of individuals - Simultaneity or periodicity? - Methods of psychological investigation - Examples - Individualised education - Conventionalising - Parallelism between morphology and characterology - Physiognomy and the principles of psycho-physics - Method of the doctrine of Variation - A new way of stating the problem - Deductive morphology - Correlation - Outlook

CHAPTER VI
EMANCIPATED WOMEN . . . 64

The woman question - Claim for emancipation and maleness - Emancipation and homo-sexuality - Sexual preferences of emancipated women - Physiognomy of emancipated women - Other celebrated women - Femaleness and emancipation - {xvii} Practical rules - Genius essentially male - Movements of women in historical times - Periodicity - Biology and the conception of history - Outlook of the woman movement - Its fundamental error

SECOND OR PRINCIPAL PART - THE SEXUAL TYPES

CHAPTER I
MAN AND WOMAN . . . 79

Bisexuality and unisexuality - Man or woman, male or female - Fundamental difficulty in characterology - Experiment, analysis of Sensation and psychology - Dilthey - Conception of empirical character - What is and what is not the object of psychology - Character and individuality - Problem of characterology and the problem of the sexes

CHAPTER II
MALE AND FEMALE SEXUALITY . . . 85

The problem of a female psychology - Man as the Interpreter of female psychology - Differences in the sexual impulse - The absorbing and liberating factors - Intensity and activity - Sexual irritability of women - Larger field of the sexual life in woman - Local differences in the perception of sexuality - Local and periodical cessation of male sexuality - Differences in the degrees of consciousness of sexuality

CHAPTER III
MALE AND FEMALE CONSCIOUSNESS . . . 93

Sensation and feeling - Avenarius' division into “element” and “character” These inseparable at the earliest stage - Process of “clarification” - Presentiments - Grades of understanding - Forgetting - Paths and Organisation - Conception of “henids” - The henid as the simplest, psychical datum - Sexual differences in the Organisation of the contents of {xviii} the mind - Sensibility - Certainty of judgment - Developed consciousness as a male character

CHAPTER IV
TALENT AND GENIUS . . . 103

Genius and talent - Genius and giftedness - Methods - Comprehension of many men - What is meant by comprehending men - Great complexity of genius - Periods in psychic life - No disparagement of famous men - Understanding and noticing - Universal consciousness of genius - Greatest distance from the henid stage - A higher grade of maleness - Genius always universal - The female devoid of genius or of hero-worship - Giftedness and sex

CHAPTER V
TALENT AND MEMORY . . . 114

Organisation and the power of reproducing thoughts - Memory of experiences a sign of genius - Remarks and conclusions - Remembrance and apperception - Capacity for comparison and acquisition - Reasons for the masculinity of music, drawing and painting - Degrees of genius - Relation of genius to ordinary men - Autobiography - Fixed ideas - Remembrance of personal creations - Continuous and discontinuance memory - Continuity and piety - Past and present - Fast and future - Desire for immortality - Existing psychological explanations - True origin - Inner development of man until death - Ontogenetic psychology or theoretical biography - Woman lacking in the desire for immortality - Further extension of relation of memory to genius - Memory and time - Postulate of timelessness - Value as a timeless quality - First law of the theory of value - Proofs - Individuation and duration constituents of value - Desire for immortality a special case - Desire for immortality in genius connected with timelessness, by his universal memory and the duration of his creations - Genius and history - Genius and nations - Genius and language - Men of action and men of science, not to be called men of genius - Philosophers, founders of religion and artists have genius {xix}

CHAPTER VI
MEMORY, LOGIC AND ETHICS . . . 142

Psychology and “psychologismus” - Value of memory - Theory of memory - Doctrines of practice and of association - Confusion with recognition - Memory peculiar to man - Moral significance - Lies - Transition to logic - Memory and the principle of identity - Memory and the syllogism - Woman non-logical and non-ethical - Intellectual and moral knowledge - The intelligible ego

CHAPTER VII
LOGIC, ETHICS AND THE EGO . . . 153

Critics of the conception of the Ego - Hume: Lichtenberg, Mach - The ego of Mach and biology - Individuation and individuality - Logic and ethics as witnesses for the existence of the ego - Logic - Laws of identity and of contraries - Their use and significance - Logical axioms as the laws of essence - Kant and Fichte - Freedom of thought and freedom of the will - Ethics - Relation to logic - The psychology of the Kantian ethics - Kant and Nietzsche

CHAPTER VIII
THE “I” PROBLEM AND GENIUS . . . 163

Characterology and the belief in the “I” - Awakening of the ego - Jean Paul, Novalis, Schelling - The awakening of the ego and the view of the world - Self-consciousness and arrogance - The view of the genius to be more highly valued than that of other men - Final Statements as to the idea of genius - The personality of the genius as the perfectly-conscious microcosm - The naturally- synthetic activity of genius - Significant and symbolical - Definition of the genius in relation to ordinary men - Universality as freedom - Morality or immorality of genius? - Duties towards self and others - What duty to another is - Criticism of moral sympathy and social ethics - Understanding of other men as the one require-{xx}ment of morality and knowledge - I and thou - Individualism and universalism - Morality only in monads - The man of greatest genius as the most moral man - Why man is ζωον πολιτικον - Consciousness and morality - The great criminal - Genius as duty and submission - Genius and crime - Genius and insanity - Man as his own creator

CHAPTER IX
MALE AND FEMALE PSYCHOLOGY . . . 186

Soullessness of woman - History of this knowledge - Woman devoid of genius - No masculine women m the true sense - The unconnectedness of woman's nature due to her want of an ego - Revision of the henid-theory - Female “thought” - Idea and object - Freedom of the object - Idea and judgment - Nature of judgment - Woman and truth as a criterion of thought - Woman and logic - Woman non-moral, not immoral - Woman and solitude - Womanly sympathy and modesty - The ego of women - Female vanity - Lack of true self-appreciation - Memory for compliments - Introspection and repentance - Justice and jealousy - Name and individuality - Radical difference between male and female mental life - Psychology with and without soul - Is psychology a science? - Soul and psychology - Problem of the influence of the psychical sexual characters of the male or the female

CHAPTER X
MOTHERHOOD AND PROSTITUTION . . . 214

Special characterology of woman - Mother and prostitute - Relation of two types to the child - Woman polygamous - Analogies between motherhood and sexuality - Motherhood and the race - Maternal love ethically indifferent - The prostitute careless of the race - The prostitute, the criminal and the conqueror - Emperor and prostitute - Motive of the prostitute - Coitus an end in itself - Coquetry - The sensations of the woman in coitus in relation to the rest of her life - The prostitute as the enemy - The friend of life and its enemy - No Prostitution amongst animals - Its origin a mystery {xxi}

CHAPTER XI
EROTICS AND AESTHETICS . . . 236

Women, and the hatred of women - Erotics and sexuality - Platonic love - The idea of love - Beauty of women - Relation to sexual impulse - Love and beauty - Difference between aesthetics, logic and ethics - Modes of love - Projection phenomena - Beauty and morality - Nature and ethics - Natural and artistic beauty - Sexual love as guilt - Hate, love and morality - Creation of the devil - Love and sympathy - Love and shyness - Love and vanity - Love of woman as a means to an end - Relation between the child and love, the child and sexuality - Love and murder - Madonna-worship - Madonna, a male idea, without basis in womanhood - Woman sexual, not erotic - Sense of beauty in women - How man acts on woman - The fate of the woman - Why man loves woman

CHAPTER XII
THE NATURE OF WOMAN AND HER SIGNIFICANCE IN THE UNIVERSE . . . 252

Meaning of womanhood - Instinct for pairing and matchmaking - Man, and matchmaking - High valuation of coitus - Individual sexual Impulse, a special case - Womanhood as pairing or universal sexuality - Organic falseness of woman - Hysteria - Difference between man and beast, woman and man - The higher and lower life - Birth and death - Freedom and happiness - Happiness and man - Happiness and woman - Woman and the problem of existence - Non-existence of woman - Male and female friendship - Pairing identical with womanhood - Why women must be regarded as human - Contrast between subject - Object, matter, form, man, woman - Meaning of henids - Formation of woman by man - Significance of woman in the universe - Man as something, woman as nothing - Psychological problem of the fear of woman - Womanhood and crime - Creation of woman by man's crime - Woman as his own sexuality accepted by man - Woman as the guilt of man - What man's love of woman is, in its deepest significance {xxii}

CHAPTER XIII
JUDAISM . . . 301

Differences amongst men - Intermediate forms and racial anthropology - Comparison of Judaism and femaleness - Judaism as an idea - Antisemitism - Richard Wagner - Similarities between Jews and women - Judaism in science - The Jew not a monad - The Jew and the Englishman - Nature of humour - Humour and satire - The Jewess - Deepest significance of Judaism - Want of faith - The Jew not non-mystical, yet impious - Want of earnestness, and pride - The Jew as opposed to the hero - Judaism and Christianity - Origin of Christianity - Problem of the founders of religion - Christ as the conqueror of the Judaism in Himself - The founders of religions as the greatest of men - Conquest of inherent Judaism necessary for all founders of religion - Judaism and the present time - Judaism, femaleness, culture and humanity.

CHAPTER XIV
WOMAN AND MANKIND . . . 331

The idea of humanity, and woman as the match-maker - Goethe-worship - Womanising of man - Virginity and purity - Male origin of these ideas - Failure of woman to understand the erotic - Woman's relation to sexuality - Coitus and love - Woman as the enemy of her own emancipation - Asceticism immoral - Sexual impulse as a want of respect - Problem of the Jew - Problem of the woman - Problem of slavery - Moral relation to women - Man as the Opponent of emancipation - Ethical postulates - Two possibilities - The problem of women as the problem of humanity - Subjection of women - Persistence or disappearance of the human race - True ground of the immorality of the sexual impulse - Earthly paternity - Inclusion of women in the conception of humanity - The mother and the education of the human race - Last questions.

INDEX . . . 350